The Release of Anti-Communist POW¡¯s, First Episode
The ceasefire talk started on July 10, 1951 and dragged on with many obstacles for more than two years, until it was concluded on July 27, 1953. Korea was not even a member state at the U.N., but the U.S. and the U.N. troops came to rescue Korea from the communists.
Korea was not really in a position to dictate and control what was happening at the ceasefire talk. The reason why the ceasefire talk began to move so quickly in spite of the opposition from South Korea was due to two developments: death of Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union and the election of a new president in the U.S., Dwight Eisenhower.
Stalin pretended he supported the ceasefire talk, but he wanted the war to drag on for his own political reasons. Then Stalin died. Eisenhower became the U.S. president with the election platform that he would end the Korean War honorably as quickly as he could if he became the president.
So, Eisenhower preferred political solution to military one in the Korean War. He wanted the ceasefire talk to succeed. President Rhee sent an ultimatum to President Eisenhower. ¡°If the U.S. proceeds and concludes the ceasefire agreement with China while the Chinese forces were still in Korea below Yalu River, ROK Army will no longer be a part of the U.N. forces, but will fight the enemy alone.¡±
President Eisenhower sent Gen. Clark, the Commander of the U.N. forces to President Rhee to persuade him. Rhee stakes out several conditions before he accepts the ceasefire agreement. Mutual Defense Treaty between the United States and the Republic of Korea.
Guarantee of Immediate Help from the U.S. in case the Soviet Union invades South Korea. The U.S. navy and air force should continue to support S. Korea and the U.S. will help expand the S. Korean armed forces. This was ridiculous demands to somebody who came to rescue them.
The U.S. didn¡¯t want to have anything to do with these ridiculous demands. No mutual defense treaty unless the ceasefire agreement is worked out with N. Korea. President Rhee sent another letter to President Eisenhower on May 6th. Only if the U.S. agrees to the Mutual Defense Treaty, Korea will reluctantly accept the ceasefire agreement with the enemy.
The U.S. will protect and defend S. Korea until it can defend itself on its own. The U.S. troops will remain in S. Korea and help and supply S. Korea build its forces strong enough to defend itself. At the end of the letter, President Rhee stated that, if these conditions are not met by the U.S., S. Korea will have to exercise its sovereignty and act accordingly.
These were not words coming from somebody begging for help. It was a naked blatant threat to the benefactor. One can only imagine how President Eisenhower felt reading this threat. While President Rhee was arguing with the U.S. about the ceasefire agreement, the issue of POW exchange became another major contention.
In fact, it was because of the POW issue that the ceasefire talk dragged on for two years. The U.N. delegates insisted the POW¡¯s be allowed to choose freely on their own which country they would go. The communist side insisted all the N. Korean and the Chinese POW¡¯s must be returned to N. Korea or China regardless of individual POW¡¯s preference.
The reason why the communists insisted forced repatriation was due to a poll taken by the U.N. forces with the POW¡¯s on April 10, 1952. The U.N. forces took a poll with 170,000 communist POW¡¯s, and found out 100,000 of them wanted to go where they wanted to go, in other words, they preferred ¡®free choice.¡¯
President Rhee knew very well better than anyone else that only brutal force can move the U.S. and the international order. He knew he had to exact a treaty for a small country like Korea from a big power, the U.S., not just words of good will or declaration.
Rhee encouraged Koreans to demonstrate in the streets with slogans like ¡®Unification Onward to the North!¡¯ or ¡®Dead against Ceasefire!¡¯ all to put pressure on the U.S. However, Rhee knew this would not do. The real big card he had was the brinkmanship solution called ¡®Release of the anti-Communists POW¡¯s.¡¯
Rhee would do whatever was necessary to save the country. On June 18, 1953, President Rhee let go of the 27,000 Releasing the POW¡¯s while they were negotiating the terms of POW exchange at the table. Rhee declared, ¡°I take full responsibility because it was done under my order.
Nobody else is responsible for this. President Rhee kept this secret even from the Minister of Defense and the Army Chief of Staff to keep them free of the serious responsibilities. In the end, the U.S. had to give in and promise the Mutual Defense Treaty to President Rhee on July 12th.
They had to because they did not know what else President Rhee was going to do. Rhee said at the time as if to prophesize, ¡°This will make my people live well and secure.¡± Koreans secured Mutual Defense Treaty by way of POW release. It was a brinkmanship measure of genius. Dr. Syngman Rhee pulled it through for the people.